12/20/2023 0 Comments Pearson lumen of small intestine![]() The human adult intestinal system is a complex organ that consists of approximately 7 m of small intestine and 2 m of large intestine. These results describe the complexity of the cell composition, regulation and organization for this organ, and serve as an important reference map for understanding human biology and disease. We also map gene regulatory differences in these cells that are suggestive of a regulatory differentiation cascade, and associate intestinal disease heritability with specific cell types. Through systematic analyses, we find cell compositions that differ substantially across regions of the intestine and demonstrate the complexity of epithelial subtypes, and find that the same cell types are organized into distinct neighbourhoods and communities, highlighting distinct immunological niches that are present in the intestine. Here, to better understand these differences, we evaluated the organization of single cells using multiplexed imaging and single-nucleus RNA and open chromatin assays across eight different intestinal sites from nine donors. The localization of individual cell types, cell type development trajectories and detailed cell transcriptional programs probably drive these differences in function. The intesting has a length of over nine metres, along which there are differences in structure and function 2. The intestine is a complex organ that promotes digestion, extracts nutrients, participates in immune surveillance, maintains critical symbiotic relationships with microbiota and affects overall health 1. Nature volume 619, pages 572–584 ( 2023) Cite this article ![]() Other sugars are digested with the help of different enzymes produced by the small intestine.Organization of the human intestine at single-cell resolution The end result is molecules of the simple sugars glucose and maltose (which consists of two glucose molecules), both of which can be absorbed by the small intestine. The macromolecules are broken down to shorter polysaccharides and disaccharides, resulting in progressively shorter chains of glucose. In the digestive process, polysaccharides are reduced in length by the breaking of bonds between glucose monomers. Carbohydrate digestion is completed in the small intestine, with the help of amylase secreted by the pancreas. ![]() ![]() Saliva also contains mucus, which lubricates the food, and hydrogen carbonate, which provides the ideal alkaline conditions for amylase to work. The chemical digestion of these polysaccharides begins in the mouth, aided by amylase in saliva. To chemically digest amylose and glycogen, the enzyme amylase is required. Additional dietary carbohydrates include the animal polysaccharide glycogen, along with some sugars, which are mainly disaccharides. \): Digestive Enzymes Digestive EnzymeĪbout 80 percent of digestible carbohydrates in a typical Western diet are in the form of the plant polysaccharide amylose, which consists mainly of long chains of glucose and is one of two major components of starch. ![]()
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